Neuro-olfactory dynamics: electroencephalographic insights into dysfunction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34631/sporl.2179Keywords:
Olfaction, Olfactory Dysfunction, Olfactory Training, Electroencephalography, Brain Activity, Aroma/Scent, Neurocognitive Effects, RehabilitationAbstract
Introduction: Olfaction is linked to cognition. Understanding brain activity during olfactory dysfunction (OD) could improve knowledge about olfaction itself and associated treatments like olfactory training (OT).
Objectives: To study how OD affects brain activity in response to scents
Methods: In order to produce a prospective study, a sample of OD and healthy controls was recruited. Participants inhaled scents used in OT and Electroencephalography (EEG) was measured.
Results: Brain activation differed between groups for 3 of the 4 scents. Rose: lower Alpha 1 activation in OD (p=0.021); Eucalyptus: lower Beta 1 activation (p = 0.037); Clove: lower Gamma 1, Beta 2 and Alpha 2 activation in OD (p <0.05); Higher Delta activity in OD (p = 0.019). No differences found for lemon inhalation.
Conclusions: This study explored brain activity during odor perception in OD. Tailoring OT based on scent and individual brain response shows promise. Further research is needed to explore this connection.
References
Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y. To smell the immune system: olfaction, autoimmunity and brain involvement. Autoimmun Rev. 2006 Nov;6(1):54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.07.002.
Savic I. Imaging of brain activation by odorants in humans. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2002 Aug;12(4):455-61. doi: 10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00346-x.
Bastir M, Rosas A, Gunz P, Peña-Melian A, Manzi G, Harvati K. et al. Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species. Nat Commun. 2011 Dec 13:2:588. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1593.
Kivity S, Ortega-Hernandez OD, Shoenfeld Y. Olfaction--a window to the mind. Isr Med Assoc J. 2009 Apr;11(4):238-43.
Vance DE, Del Bene VA, Kamath V, Frank JS, Billings R, Cho DY. et al. Does olfactory training improve brain function and cognition? A systematic review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2024 Mar;34(1):155-191. doi: 10.1007/s11065-022-09573-0.
Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Emotion, decision Making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2000 Mar;10(3):295-307. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.3.295.
Laohakangvalvit T, Sripian P, Nakagawa Y, Feng C, Tazawa T, Sakai S. et al. Study on the psychological states of olfactory stimuli using electroencephalography and heart rate variability. Sensors (Basel). 2023 Apr 16;23(8):4026. doi: 10.3390/s23084026.
Denzer MY, Gailer S, Kern DW, Schumm LP, Thuerauf N, Kornhuber J. et al. Quantitative Validation of the n-Butanol Sniffin’ Sticks Threshold Pens. Chemosens Percept. 2014;7(2):91-101. doi: 10.1007/s12078-014-9168-1
Ribeiro JC, Simões J, Silva F, Silva ED, Hummel C, Hummel T. et al. Cultural adaptation of the portuguese version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” Smell Test: reliability, validity and normative data. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 10;11(2):e0148937. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148937.
Hsieh JW, Keller A, Wong M, Jiang R-S, Vosshall LB. SMELL-S and SMELL-R: olfactory tests not influenced by odor-specific insensitivity or prior olfactory experience. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Oct 24;114(43):11275-11284. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711415114
Hummel T, Kobal G, Gudziol H, Mackay-Sim A. Normative data for the “Sniffin’’ Sticks" including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Mar;264(3):237-43. doi: 10.1007/s00405-006-0173-0.
Oleszkiewicz A, Schriever VA, Croy I, Hähner A, Hummel T. Updated Sniffin’ Sticks normative data based on an extended sample of 9139 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Mar;276(3):719-728. doi: 10.1007/s00405-018-5248-1.
Kim KY, Seo HJ, Min SS, Park M, Seol GH. The effect of 1,8-cineole inhalation on preoperative anxiety: a randomized clinical trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014:2014:820126. doi: 10.1155/2014/820126.
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Graham JE, Malarkey WB, Porter K, Lemeshow S, Glaser R. Olfactory influences on mood and autonomic, endocrine, and immune function. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 Apr;33(3):328-39. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.015.
Martial C, Poirrier AL, Pottier L, Cassol H, Mortaheb S, Panda R. et al. From nose to brain: the effect of lemon inhalation observed by whole brain voxel to voxel functional connectivity. Cortex. 2023 Aug:165:119-128. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.012.
Chu S, Downes JJ. Proust nose best: odors are better cues of autobiographical memory. Mem Cognit. 2002 Jun;30(4):511-8. doi: 10.3758/bf03194952.
Jellinek JS. Proust remembered: has Proust’s account of odor-cued autobiographical memory recall really been investigated? Chem Senses. 2004 Jun;29(5):455-8; author reply 459-61. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjh043.
Herz RS. The role of odor-evoked memory in psychological and physiological health. Brain Sci. 2016 Jul 19;6(3):22. doi: 10.3390/brainsci6030022.
Kadohisa M. Effects of odor on emotion, with implications. Front Syst Neurosci. 2013 Oct 10:7:66. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00066.
Soudry Y, Lemogne C, Malinvaud D, Consoli S-M, Bonfils P. Olfactory system and emotion: common substrates. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2011 Jan;128(1):18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.anorl.2010.09.007.
Gottfried JA, Smith APR, Rugg MD, Dolan RJ. Remembrance of odors past: human olfactory cortex in cross-modal recognition memory. Neuron. 2004 May 27;42(4):687-95. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00270-3
Fagundo AB, Jiménez-Murcia S, Giner-Bartolomé C, Islam MA, de la Torre R, Pastor A. et al. Modulation of higher-order olfaction components on executive functions in humans. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 17;10(6):e0130319. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130319
Pieniak M, Rokosz M, Ivcevic Z, Reichert A, Żyżelewicz B, Nawrocka P. et al. Olfactory training improves emotion matching ability in 6–9 years old children — preliminary evidence. J Sens Stud 2024 Apr 1;39(2):e12912. doi.org/10.1111/joss.12912.
Okuni I, Ebihara S. Intensive olfactory training and emotional memory in patients with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2022 Feb;22(2):185-186. doi: 10.1111/ggi.14344.
Pieniak M, Oleszkiewicz A, Avaro V, Calegari F, Hummel T. Olfactory training – thirteen years of research reviewed. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022 Oct:141:104853. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104853.
Small DM. Flavor is in the brain. Physiol Behav. 2012 Nov 5;107(4):540-52. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.011.
Seubert J, Ohla K, Yokomukai Y, Kellermann T, Lundström JN. Superadditive opercular activation to food flavor is mediated by enhanced temporal and limbic coupling. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015 May;36(5):1662-76. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22728.
Kollndorfer K, Kowalczyk K, Hoche E, Mueller CA, Pollak M, Trattnig S. et al. Recovery of olfactory function induces neuroplasticity effects in patients with smell loss. Neural Plast. 2014:2014:140419. doi: 10.1155/2014/140419.
Hedner M, Larsson M, Arnold N, Zucco GM, Hummel T. Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010 Dec;32(10):1062-7. doi: 10.1080/13803391003683070.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Portuguese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
